Tuesday, December 29, 2009

Masha Allen Abandonned Again

Earlier today, this document was filed in New Jersey federal district court in Masha Allen's lawsuit against the agencies responsible for placing her with pedophile Matthew Mancuso. According to the motion:


On or about August 18, 2009, Faith Allen freely and voluntarily executed a consent to adoption with respect to Masha, pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2711. Because Faith Allen did not revoke this consent to adoption within the statutorily allowed 30-day revocation period, it became irrevocable subject to narrow exceptions. The Orphan's Court with jurisdiction over the matter has now terminated Faith Allen's legal rights as a parent to Masha Allen.

Masha Allen is officially an orphan again.

ASFA Failure - Only 71 Interstate Adoptions Last Year

This just in from blogger Jeff Katz of the Huffington Post:


The simple fact is that it is virtually impossible to adopt a foster child across state lines in the United States.


In the most recent year for which we have data, states reported that only 71 children in the entire country were adopted from foster care across state lines by non-relatives.


Why is interstate adoption so rare? The primary reason is that we do not have a national adoption system. Instead, we have 50 different child welfare systems, each with its own process for adoption eligibility, recruitment, approval, and training.


Even worse, our current system has created profound disincentives for states to facilitate and support adoptions across state lines.


It is a national scandal that 25,000 children age out of foster care each year while willing adoptive parents are ignored because they are in the wrong state or even the wrong county. It shouldn't be harder for a New Jersey family to adopt a child from Manhattan than Moscow. We must change the incentives in our adoption system so that everyone wins when a hurt child finds a forever family.


Check out the complete post here.




Monday, December 14, 2009

Birdman Adoptive Father Stephen Melinger Back in the News

Look who's back! Was it adoption for love? Child trafficking via surrogacy? Or something else? The bizarre case of birdman Stephen Melinger is back in the news, this time in a New York Times article on the perils and pitfalls of surrogacy. Do check out this story in the Times, but just remember from Melinger to womb outsourcing, snowflake adoptions and sperm donor introductions for lesbians, this blog gave you the scoop first.

"Wrongly Accused" 100 Year Old Pedophile Leaves Prison

For those of you who believe in the power of rehabilitation, or that age conquers the irresistible impulse to exploit and abuse children, or for the liberal horde who expressed indignant outrage at the prospect of the death penalty for child sex abusers, this one's for you:


According to the Huffington Post, Theodore Sypnier, a 100-year-old child molester who will soon be released from prison, has an "unrepentant heart" and continues to deny that he ever harmed any children.



New York's oldest registered sex offender is scheduled to move by week's end out of a Buffalo halfway house for released inmates and into a place of his own, after completing his latest term in state prison for molesting little girls.


The judge who sentenced him said at the time that she expected him to die behind bars.


But 10 years after his last arrest, as Sypnier prepared to shed the closely monitored lifestyle of the halfway house, its director warned that the spry and active Sypnier has not changed from the manipulator who used his grandfatherly charm to snare and rape victims as young as 4.


"Whether he's 100 or 101 or 105, the same person that was committing these crimes 10, 25, 30 years ago still exists today and has an unrepentant heart," said the Rev. Terry King, director of Grace House, which has twice taken Sypnier in from prison. "He is someone that we as parents, as members of the community, any community, really need to fear."


Six months after marking his 100th birthday in the Groveland Correctional Facility - becoming the first New York inmate to reach the milestone while incarcerated - the retired telephone company worker now says he wants to get to know the youngest members of a family that has disowned him.


Being grandfatherly was how the 5-foot-5, 150-pound Sypnier found his victims, authorities say. After his most recent arrest at age 90 on charges of raping and sodomizing a 4-year-old girl and her 7-year-old sister, his neighbors in the suburb of Tonawanda recalled what appeared to be a kindly Sypnier offering rides to adults, handing out money to children so they could buy candy, and baby-sitting.


The victimized sisters called him "Grandpa," their mother said at the time, adding that it "was a total shock" when police showed her sexually explicit pictures of her girls found in Sypnier's apartment.


Sypnier's convictions date to 1987, when he was given three years' probation for sex abuse. He spent a year in prison for sexually abusing a minor in 1994. His neighbors in Tonawanda never knew of Sypnier's background because he was convicted before the adoption of laws requiring sex offenders to register with police.


But Sypnier says he is the victim of a miscarriage of justice, despite twice pleading guilty in the case involving the sisters.


"Those children crawled into bed with me because they were frightened, but there was never any sexual hanky-panky," Sypnier told the Buffalo News.


Sypnier initially pleaded guilty in 2000 to two counts of rape, 15 counts of sodomy and endangering the welfare of a child for molesting the Tonawanda girls, as well as three in Buffalo. An appeals court threw out the conviction in 2002 after Sypnier claimed he was confused at the time, leading to another plea the following year to a lesser charge.


In sentencing Sypnier to as many as 10 years in prison, state Supreme Court Justice Penny Wolfgang told him she expected he would spend the rest of his life behind bars.


"The sheer notion of him wandering the streets unattended or unsupervised is a scary proposition," King said.


Thursday, December 10, 2009

PA's Lax Judicial Oversight in the Masha Allen Case

During the past four years numerous questions have been raised about how and why then-Allegheny County Judge Cheryl Lynn Allen was allowed to preside over the adoption of Masha Allen by her namesake and former roommate Faith Allen.


For a long time I wondered the same thing. Almost three years ago, I filed this complaint with the Pennsylvania Judicial Conduct Board. After supplying additional information at the request of JCB's chief counsel, Joseph A. Massa Jr., the JCB presumably spent a year investigating my allegations. Right after Judge Allen won her hotly contested election to the Pennsylvania court of appeals in late 2007 (she recently ran for the Pennsylvania Supreme Court and lost in the primary), my complaint against Judge Allen was summarily rejected.


Now that same board and its chief counsel, Joseph A. Massa Jr., have been accused of "stonewalling" Pennsylvania's Interbranch Commission on Juvenile Justice in its attempt to evaluate the JCB's handling of a complaint against corrupt Luzerne County Judge Michael T. Conahan.


The same person who handled my complaint against Judge Allen, Joseph A. Massa Jr., allegedly acted as the "gatekeeper" for the judicial disciplinary system who kept the complaint against Judge Conahan away from the 12 member JCB.


"In our efforts to gather information from the JCB we have asked for it formally, informally, on the record and off the record," said John M. Cleland, chairman of the Interbranch Commission. "Our requests for meaningful information have been met with an unyielding refusal to provide the information based on an assertion of constitutional confidentiality."


According to The Legal Intelligencer, ever since the revelation in September that the JCB received the complaint against Conahan, the board's responses to inquiries have raised a host of troubling questions.


How many complaints were filed against Conahan? What did the board do with those complaints? When did the board speak with federal authorities?


What, if anything, did the JCB tell federal investigators regarding the complaints? What did the board do with the complaints between the time they were filed and the filing of federal charges? Why wasn't the board made aware of the allegations in the 2006 complaint?


Robert L. Byer, a former Commonwealth Court judge and former member of the Court of Judicial Discipline, said the JCB needs to be more forthcoming.


"This situation is so serious, there cannot be any sacred cows," said Byer, now an appellate lawyer with Duane Morris. "There needs to be full disclosure."


Byer said that two things "ought to happen" to address the questions surrounding the JCB's handling of the case and the judicial discipline system as a whole.


"The Supreme Court should give consideration of an independent investigation of the board," he said. "[And] I think the General Assembly should have a committee look at this and consider whether this situation calls for changes" to the state constitution regarding the JCB and the Court of Judicial Discipline.


Perhaps now serious questions will be asked and answered about the highly unusual domestic adoption of the internationally adopted and sex trafficked child named Allen.

Big Pharma: if you can't treat 'em then drug 'em

Powerful mood-altering drugs were prescribed to hundreds of Illinois foster children without the required consent of state child welfare officials, a Chicago Tribune analysis of government data has found.


And increasing numbers of young wards were diagnosed with bipolar disorder and given a class of anti-psychotic medicines that some physicians consider risky for youths because they can cause such side effects as metabolic abnormalities and pronounced weight gain.


Psychiatrist Michael Naylor, MD, who reviews psychotropic medicine regimens for DCFS, said that he worries that "marketing efforts" by pharmaceutical companies are driving increasing diagnoses of bipolar disorder leading to more prescriptions for antipsychotic medicines, and that some "physicians are skirting the consent laws."


A separate report by the University of Illinois at Chicago's department of psychiatry finds that an Illinois psychiatric hospital used medications as chemical restraints on kids. Streamwood Behavioral Health Center, "one of Illinois' largest psychiatric hospitals, dosed foster children with dangerous combinations of mood-altering" medications, "sometimes using the medicines as 'chemical restraints' to control youth who needed counseling."


The report also found that the center, "which has treated roughly 475 Department of Children and Family Services wards since 2007, is 'so understaffed as to be counter-therapeutic,'" and that "hospital staff resorted to extraordinarily high rates of emergency psychiatric medications, physical restraints, and seclusion."

Wednesday, December 9, 2009

Restitution for Child Pornography Victim Denied

On Monday, a federal district judge in the Eastern District of Texas issued a memorandum opinion and order denying restitution to a now 20-year-old woman known as "Amy" in the case of a defendant who downloaded and possessed her images.


The Court’s decision is a serious set-back for victims of child pornography like Amy in their effort to obtain just and timely restitution for the ongoing crimes perpetrated against them. How can we, as a country, justify awarding tens of thousands of dollars in damages to record companies for downloading a single song, while criminals who exploit children pay nothing?


For over 30 years, Congress and the Supreme Court have recognized that victims of child pornography experience significant life-long harm by individuals like the defendant in this case who trade and possess images of their rape, abuse and humiliation.


It is now up to Congress, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, and the United States Supreme Court to decide this issue in the interest of children like Amy and the American people who have little tolerance for these crimes and the abuse and exploitation of our nation’s young people.


For coverage of this case see the Tyler Morning Telegraph


Further background can be found here.

Tuesday, December 8, 2009

Impact of Adoption and Safe Families Act Webcast

On December 14, 2009, at 9:00 a.m. E.T., the Urban Institute and the Center for the Study of Social Policy will host an audio Webcast on the impact of the Adoption and Safe Families Act on the safety, permanence, and well-being of abused and neglected children.


The nearly 2-hour session will be moderated by Susan Notkin, New York Director, Center for the Study of Social Policy. Panelists include:



  • Olivia Golden, Fellow, Urban Institute

  • John Mattingly, Commissioner, New York City's Administration for Children's Services

  • Carmen Nazario, Assistant Secretary for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

  • Jeanette Vega, writer, "Rise" magazine

  • Nancy Young, Director, National Center on Substance Abuse and Child Welfare


To obtain further information and register for this Webcast, visit www.urban.org/events/Safe-Families-Act.cfm. Information about attending the session in Washington, DC, is also available on that page.

Thursday, December 3, 2009

1 in 4 Teens Engage in Sexting-Criminal Child Porn Activity

As recently as a year ago only 20% of teens were engaged in sexting. Now a new MTV-AP poll of teens aged 14 to 17 reveals that the practice is growing with 24% of underaged teens involved in some kind of naked sexting.


Here are some highlights from the survey:


• Girls are slightly more likely to have shared a naked photo or video of themselves (13%) than boys (9%).


• Those who have shared a naked photo or video mostly report that they initially sent the photo to a significant other or romantic interest. However, 29% of those who sent sexts report sending them to people they only know online and have never met in person. 24% sent sexts to people they wanted to date or hook up with.


• While girls are more likely to share naked photos or videos of themselves, boys are more likely to report receiving a naked photo or video of someone else that has been passed around - 14% vs. 9%.


• 61% of those who have sent a naked photo or video of themselves have been pressured by someone else to do so at least once.


• Those involved in sexting are likely to use words like “flirty”, “exciting”, “hot”, “fun” and “trusting” to describe the practice.


Perhaps the most surprising (or not) statistic is that almost half of sexually active young people report being involved in sexting. While their underaged sexual activity is probably legal under state law, creating a visual record of ANY teenage sexual activity is illegal production of child pornography under federal law and subjects the creator, distributor and recipient to a mandatory minimum five year sentence.


Sexual activity includes actual or simulated masturbation, sexual intercourse, or a "lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area."


Parents can be liable too. Any parent who "knowingly permits" such activity "or has reason to know" such activity is occurring faces a 15 year mandatory minimum sentence in a federal prison.


Here's an outline of potential federal criminal liability in a typical sexting scenario:


17 year old John challenges his 15 year old girlfriend Karen to masterbate for him on her webcam. Karen takes off her clothes and simulates masturbation in front of the webcam. John and his friend Sam record the episode on a laptop computer. The following day Sam asks his buddy Tony if he wants to see the video. Tony does and Sam emails it to him. Later that same day Karen's mom Debbie discovers a still image from the webcam masturbation on Karen's cell phone.


Under current federal law, John is guilty of violating 18 USC 2251 which prohibits an individual from "persuading, inducing, enticing, or coercing any minor to engage in sexual activity" including simulated masterbation. If convicted, John will receive a 15 year mandatory minimum sentence, registration as a sex offender, and up to lifetime supervision by a probation officer.


While Karen will probably escape liability for production of child pornography, she is guilty of "knowingly transporting by computer a visual depiction of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct" which is a 5 year mandatory minium federal sentence, registraiton as a sex offender, and up to lifetime supervision by a probation officer. 18 USC 2255 and 18 USC 2255A.


Sam is guilty of pandering child pornography under 18 USC 2251 by "offering to distribute a visual depiction of a minor engaging in sexually explicit." He'll join his friend John in federal prison for the mandatory minimum 15 years.


Tony is guilty of receiving child pornography in violation of 18 USC 2252A and will receive a 5 year mandatory minimum sentence, plus registraiton as a sex offender and up to lifetime of probation monitoring.


Karen's mom Debbie also faces federal criminal liability. If, after finding the incriminating image on Karen's phone, she continues to "knowingly permit" Karen "to engage in sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of producing a visual depiction of such conduct or for the purpose of transmitting a live visual depiction of such conduct," she will join John and Sam in federal prison for 15 years. 18 USC 2251. Better yank out that web cam mom! And the video cell phone. And the Filp video cam. And the Canon SureShot. And . . . you get the picture (hopefully not).


These are theoretical hypothetical possibilities and it is unlikely that any federal prosecutor would ever bring such a case. These are, however, very real crimes with substantial criminal penalties. Federal prison is far cry from the "flirty exciting hot fun” most teenagers experience while sexting.


The question remains, should federal law change to protect Karen? If so, what about her boyfriend John? Should Sam and Tony escape liability? What about permissive parents like Debbie? And what if Karen was 13 instead of 15? Or 12? What if John was 18 or 20?


Any federal exception for sexting needs to take into account many complex scenarios and aggressive defense attorneys who will use any opening in the law to exempt real pedophiles from criminal liability.

Monday, November 30, 2009

Pedo Law Gaining (visual) Respect

Nothing will stop the defense bar from its relentless pursuit of clients, including bad taste. Thanks to the watchful eye of the UsefulArts.us blog, the Texas defense firm of Lindeman, Alvarado, & Frye has been exposed for creating an unfortunately much-needed child pornography defense practice. This in and of itself is not so objectionable, but the now-removed "just or about to be abused-child" images used on the firm's website to promote this specialty are.


lindeman-alvarado-frye-kiddie-porn-defense.jpg
Family Violence, Rape and Sexual Assault, it's all there in visually provocative images. Check it out at the UsefulArts.us blog.

Thursday, November 19, 2009

Ohio Justice - 3 Years in Prison for Raping a 10 Year Old Girl

AaronHymer.jpg
No death penalty here. And I guess it's better than probation. On Monday, Aaron Hymer of Waynesville, Ohio pleaded guilty to raping his daughter’s friend during a sleep-over at his home in March. Hymer’s attorney Marty Hubble said “Aaron has always maintained his innocence, but with the jury system, the possibility was there that he could be in prison for the rest of his life."


Hymer appeared reluctant when he entered his plea and Judge Robert Peeler appeared reluctant to approve the plea. Peeler said ensuring Hymer won’t have access to the girl for eight years — his prison time and probation together — is some comfort.


The victim's parents who were in the courtroom during the plea commented, “You never think anything like this can happen to your daughter. I don’t understand and it crushes me, I have to deal with her nightmares, she can’t sleep in her own bed, I just want to know why? Why? Why? It’s sick.”


There's not too much more to this story, but perhaps the following link helps explain why. Apaprently the judge didn't see this before meting out justice.


Aaron Hymer's MySpace page

Monday, November 9, 2009

Children's Law Center 2009 Kennedy Center Benefit Highlights

The sold out crowd at the ninth annual Helping Children Soar benefit enjoyed a beautiful evening on the Kennedy Center's Roof Terrace Restaurant among fellow CLC supporters, advocates and leaders in the legal community. The Honorable Eric H. Holder, Jr. received the 2009 Distinguished Child Advocate award. Mr. Holder was recognized for his long time support of CLC and dedication to the District of Columiba's children. Here are two great photos from this amazing event.


CLC Board Chairs and AG Holder
CLC Chair Guy Collier, Past-CLC Chair James Marsh, AG Eric Holder and Past-CLC chairs Tom Bulleit and Wayne Curtis



Judith and AG Holder
Executive Director Judith Sandalow presents AG Eric Holder with CLC's 2009 Distinguished Child Advocate Award


For more pictures from this fabulous event visit CLC's 2009 Benefit Photo Gallery

Tuesday, November 3, 2009

ACLU Sues School for MySpace Penis Pop Pix Punishment

Two sophomore girls have sued their school after they were punished for posting lingerie photos on MySpace during their summer vacation which showed them licking a penis-shaped lollipop. This is not New York, New Jersey or even California folks. The girls live in rural Indiana.


The ACLU, in a federal lawsuit filed last week on behalf of the girls, argues that Churubusco High School violated the girls' free speech rights when it banned them from extracurricular activities for a joke that didn't involve the school. They say the district humiliated the girls by requiring them to apologize to an all-male coaches' board and undergo counseling.


Some argue that schools should play a role in monitoring students' behavior and Supreme Court has ruled that students can be disciplined for activities that happen outside of school, as long as the school can prove the activities were disruptive or posed a danger.


An attorney for the district claims the school was just enforcing the school's athletic code which allows the principal to bar from school activities any student-athlete whose behavior in or out of school "creates a disruptive influence on the discipline, good order, moral or educational environment at Churubusco High School."


The girls took the photos during a summer sleepover with friends and posted them on their MySpace pages, setting the privacy controls so only those designated as friends could view them. None of the photos made any reference to the school.


The principal initially suspended both girls from all extracurricular activities for the year but reduced the penalty to 25 percent of fall semester activities after the girls completed three counseling sessions and apologized to the coaches board.

Friday, October 30, 2009

Parent Sponsored Online Pornography for the Little Ones

A 1970s-era Texas law that allows parents to show "harmful material" to their children has come under fire after a prosecutor said he couldn't file charges against a man accused of forcing his eight- and nine-year-old daughters to watch hardcore online pornography.


The law apparently was meant to protect the privacy of parents who wanted to teach children about sex education, but it states clearly that parents can't be prosecuted for showing "harmful material" to their children.


Randall County District Attorney James Farren has asked for an opinion from Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott about a law Farren says makes no sense and needs to be changed.


Farren says the argument that government has no right to tell parents how to raise their children doesn't fly here. "The government should and does respect the right of parents to raise their children, but that doesn't mean a parent can do anything they want to their child. Obviously, the government can step in when parents are acting in a way that is sufficiently detrimental to the mental health and the physical health of children. I understand that this is a conservative community. I'm conservative. I don't like big government. I don't want government too intrusive, and I certainly don't want government intruding into the family more than necessary. . . . but I don't think very many people would believe that it's appropriate to show true pornographic material to their children simply because they're the parent and they choose to do that - just because they're twisted enough, they want to watch it, that they then want to subject their children to it."


More on this story here.

Thursday, October 22, 2009

The Children's Law Center Comes of Age

When I created the Children's Law Center in 1996, my biggest dream (and worst nightmare) was that we'd have enough money to keep the doors open for a month. Well I guess I must have been dreaming in color because now we have VIDEOS! See why CLC is the nation's leading grassroots child advocacy organization. I couldn't be prouder!





Wednesday, October 21, 2009

Masha Allen's Untold Story

Once again Niels from Pound Pup Legacy has written a blockbuster piece about Masha Allen. Drawing from new sources who are speaking out for the first time, this never ending tragedy is further revealed in The Untold Story of Masha Allen.


Visit the Pound Pup Legacy page on the Masha Allen case.


One of Masha Allen's current lawyers speaks out anonymously about her case

Monday, September 28, 2009

Pedophile Director Roman Polanski Jailed

Last spring there was a great deal of controversy about Oscar winning film director Roman Polanski's long running attempt to escape justice for his 1977 rape of a 13 year old girl. Back in February, Salon.com published an excellent review of the case and a recently released documentary film about the case. On Saturday, Polanski was jailed in Switzerland on an international warrant as he arrived in Zurich to receive a lifetime achievement award from a film festival.


An international tug-of-war over the 76-year-old director escalated today as France and Poland urged Switzerland to free him on bail and pressed U.S. officials all the way up to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on the case.


Authorities in Los Angeles consider Polanski a "convicted felon and fugitive." The director pleaded guilty to unlawful sexual intercourse in 1977 with a 13-year-old girl. He was sent to prison for 42 days but then the judge tried to renege on the plea bargain. On the day of his sentencing in 1978, aware the judge would sentence him to more prison time, Polanski fled to France.


French Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner said he hoped Polanski could be quickly freed by the Swiss, calling the apprehension a "bit sinister." He and his Polish counterpart Radek Sikorski wrote to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and called Swiss Foreign Minister Micheline Calmy-Rey about the case.


"(Polanski was) thrown to the lions," said French Pedophile Minister Frederic Mitterrand. "In the same way that there is a generous America that we like, there is also a scary America that has just shown its face."


Polanski seems most likely to spend several months in detention, unless he agrees to forgo any challenge to his extradition to the United States. Under a 1990 accord between Switzerland and the U.S., Washington has 60 days to submit a formal request for his transfer.


The Swiss Justice Ministry insisted Sunday that politics played no role in its arrest order for Polanski, who lives in France but has spent much time at a chalet in the luxury Swiss resort of Gstaad. The court theoretically could confine Polanski to his Gstaad chalet, but up to now there has never been a case of house arrest in such a situation.


The U.S. has had an outstanding warrant on Polanski since 1978, but the Swiss said American authorities have sought the arrest of the director around the world only since 2005.


His victim, Samantha Geimer, who long ago identified herself, has joined in Polanski's bid for dismissal, saying she wants the case to be over. She sued Polanski and reached an undisclosed settlement.


A native of France who was taken to Poland by his parents, Polanski escaped Krakow's Jewish ghetto as a child during World War II and lived off the charity of strangers. His mother died at the Nazis' Auschwitz death camp.


The arrest prompted angry criticism from fellow filmmakers and actors across Europe.


"It seems inadmissible ... that an international cultural evening, paying homage to one of the greatest contemporary filmmakers, is used by police to apprehend him," says a petition circulating in France and signed by artists including Costa Gavras, Stefen Frears and Monica Bellucci.


Oscar-winning director Andrzej Wajda and other Polish filmmakers also appealed for Polanski's immediate release.


"(He has) atoned for the sins of his young years," Jacek Bromski, head of the Polish Filmmakers Association, told The AP. "He has paid for it by not being able to enter the U.S. and in his professional life he has paid for it by not being able to make films in Hollywood."


More on tihs story:


LA prosecutors: Polanski efforts go back decades


Polanski arrest draws cheers and jeers in Europe


France rallies to Polanski's defence while Hollywood watches



Thursday, August 13, 2009

Report finds Florida overmedicates foster children

Yesterday, the Miami Herald revealed that in a report "expected to be released publicly later this month," a "panel of child-welfare experts, including two top administrators from the" Florida Department of Children & Families, "says child welfare authorities too often rely on the potent medications to manage abused and neglected children -- but fail to offer psychiatric treatment to help them overcome the trauma they suffered."


The report states that "caregivers for children in state custody frequently use powerful mind-altering drugs to manage unruly kids, rather than treat their anger and sadness." According to the report, "psychotherapeutic medications are often being used to help parents, teachers, and other child workers quiet and manage, rather than treat, children." The Herald adds that "the use of psychiatric drugs among children in state care is widespread." In fact, "records updated by DCF last week show that, among children in state care aged six to 12, more than 22 percent are being given psychiatric" medications.

Friday, August 7, 2009

A Bold Gambit to Reduce Demand for Child Porn

From today's Christian Science Monitor:


Federal prosecutors and New York lawyer James Marsh are persuading courts to order anyone caught with illicit images to pay financial restitution to child victims.


Federal prosecutors are embracing an aggressive approach to fight the spread of child pornography on the Internet, urging judges across the country to order full restitution to identified child victims in cases where the defendant possessed the images but played no role in their creation.


Generally, restitution is awarded in cases where a defendant's direct actions caused the injuries suffered by the victim. In a child pornography case, the person most responsible for injuring the child is the pedophile who abused the child, recorded images of the abuse, and then traded or sold those images to others.


But child-victim advocates say that is not the only harm. Those who download child pornography help set the stage for future abuse by fostering an active market for such images.


This novel - and controversial - strategy is the brainchild of New York lawyer James Marsh. He represents a 20-year-old woman who was raped and sexually abused at age 8 or 9 by an uncle who recorded the abuse and sent the images to a pedophile who requested them. The resulting still photographs have been actively traded on the Internet since 1998.


Read this entire article by Warren Richey in the Christian Science Monitor.





Wednesday, August 5, 2009

Legal Immunity for CPS Workers who Lie?

The critics and plaintiffs’ attorneys are out there. They seethe with frustration in their assertion that there are child protection workers who are as dysfunctional and flawed as some of the abusive and neglectful parents they investigate. They feel mistreated, ambushed, without recourse to a neutral oversight authority, and fume that the courts will believe the word of child protection workers over their clients. And yet, when there is a credible allegation that a child protection worker has knowingly made misleading or false statements which resulted in the wrongful removal of a child, their criticism and anger seem justified. Such misrepresentations may involve highly contested issues of material fact that more properly should be examined by an agency supervisor or in court on the merits. The supervisor or court, inadvertently giving credence to the worker’s misrepresentation, may thereby be swayed in favor of the worker’s recommendations.


Guest Feature Article by Daniel Pollack, MSW, JD

Legal Aspects of Immunity for Government Social Workers


It is an accepted principle that a parent has a constitutionally protected interest in the custody and care of his or her child. This interest does have exceptions, especially when the child may be in immediate or apparent danger. This is when child protection services gets involved. Crucial to every child protection investigation is to establish the facts and circumstances of the case. When these are presented to the court at a dependency hearing, the evidence may become proof.


The best professional judgment of child protection workers may, in hindsight, be wrong. For this and other reasons, child protection workers usually have some level of immunity from prosecution. [1] When individual government officials are sued for monetary damages they generally are granted either absolute or qualified immunity. The United States Supreme Court has stated that qualified immunity is the norm, absolute immunity is the exception. [2]


Should that immunity disappear when, in their official capacities as child protection workers, they make knowingly inaccurate or false statements which result in the wrongful removal of a child? California law provides for public employee immunity from liability for an injury caused by the employee instituting or prosecuting any judicial or administrative proceeding within the scope of their employment, even if he or she acts maliciously and without probable cause. [3] However, a public employee has no such immunity if he or she acted with malice in committing perjury, fabricating evidence, failing to disclose exculpatory evidence or obtaining evidence by duress.


Generally, whether an employee is acting within the scope of his or her employment is ordinarily a question of fact to be determined in light of the evidence of the particular case. Some courts hold that immunity for child protective workers exists as long as they act responsibly in the performance of their duties. The immunity applies even where a complaint alleges caseworker misconduct or intentional wrongdoing. [4] Others hold that the worker must be involved in a function critical to the judicial process itself. In either case, the more outrageous the employee's alleged tortuous conduct, the less likely it could be described as foreseeable, and the less likely the social service agency could be required to assume responsibility for the act as a general risk of doing business.


Recent Cases


In Doe v. Lebbos, [5] the Ninth Circuit held that a social worker was entitled to absolute immunity for allegedly failing to investigate adequately the allegations of abuse and neglect against a father and in allegedly fabricating evidence in a child dependency petition because those actions had the "requisite connection to the judicial process' to be protected by absolute immunity (at 826)." In Van Emrik v. Chemung County Dep't of Soc. Servs., [6] the court found that child protective caseworkers were entitled to qualified immunity in connection with the removal of a child from the custody of her parents during a child abuse investigation. In the Sixth Circuit and the District of Columbia Circuit the type of immunity depends on the particular task the worker is doing. In Gray v. Poole, [7] the court held that qualified immunity covers social workers acting as investigators, while social workers testifying as witnesses are protected by absolute immunity. In Rippy ex rel. Rippy v. Hattaway, [8] the court ruled that absolute immunity protects social workers who initiate proceedings on behalf of a child. In Austin v. Borel, [9] the court ruled that child protection workers were not entitled to absolute immunity when they filed an "allegedly false verified complaint seeking the removal of two children" from the family home (at 1363).


Ethical Considerations


There is, of course, a difference between misrepresentation of a piece of physical or verbal evidence and the actual creation of false evidence. Misrepresentation involves the willful giving of a misleading representation of the facts. Creation of false evidence involves the act of improperly causing a ‘fact’ to exist. More often, critics and attorneys accuse workers of a willingness to misrepresent, selectively quote, and misconstrue information to support their claims and therefore to present an entirely misleading case. Rather than sticking to agency protocols and training the workers sensationalize their documentation and findings in a misleading fashion.


To what extent are such allegations true? Do workers consciously or unconsciously misrepresent evidence, and selectively engage in systematic distortion? How often do they may make deliberate efforts to mislead, deceive, or confuse their own supervisor or the court in order to promote their own personal or ideological objectives? How frequently are workers omitting or concealing material facts? Under the guise of vigilance, are there child protection workers whose adherence to rules and procedures is purposely excessive?


From a social work, legal, or judicial perspective, making a knowing misrepresentation in a child protection case is a serious ethical breach. The NASW Code of Ethics, 4.01(c), notes that: “Social workers should base practice on recognized knowledge, including empirically based knowledge, relevant to social work and social work ethics.” At 4.04 the Code goes on to state: “Social workers should not participate in, condone, or be associated with dishonesty, fraud, or deception.” Dishonesty, shading the truth, or a lack of candor cannot be tolerated in child protection services, a field of endeavor built upon trust and respect for the law. Whether or not child protection workers deserve immunity from prosecution when they misrepresent or fabricate evidence is a question each states’ courts are dealing with. Similarly, each court must decide whether such misconduct warrants setting aside the decision to remove the child from his or her home. In the final analysis, the question might soon find itself before the U.S. Supreme Court.


A worker’s misrepresentation or fabrication of evidence is particularly pernicious because it puts the whole field of child protection in a negative light. Whether or not immunity is granted, there is simply no excuse for this kind of willful and egregious conduct.


Endnotes


[1] See, e.g., Abdouch v. Burger, 426 F.3d 982 (8th Cir. 2005) and Babcock v. Tyler (884 F.2d 497 (9th Cir. 1989) (absolute immunity shields social workers to the extent that their role is functionally equivalent to that of a prosecutor); but see Burton v. Richmond, 276 F.3d 973 (2002) (when a state department of human services affirmatively places children in an abusive foster care setting, the state may be liable for damages); Gray v. Poole, 275 F.3d 1113, (D.C. Cir. 2002) (qualified immunity covers social service workers acting as investigators, but when testifying as witnesses they are protected by absolute immunity). Qualified immunity is often afforded if the social work is involved in a “discretionary function” unless his or her conduct is clearly a violation of a statute or constitutional principle (Snell v. Tunnell, 698 F. Supp. 1542 (W.D. Okla. 1988).


[2] Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800 (1982) (absolute immunity is appropriate in limited circumstances -- judicial, prosecutorial, and legislative functions-- whereas executive officials usually receive qualified immunity).


[3] Cal. Gov't Code § 821.6


[4] Cunningham v. Wenatchee, 214 F. Supp. 2d 1103 (E.D. Wash. 2002).


[5] 348 F.3d 820 (9th Cir. 2003).


[6] 911 F.2d 863, (2d Cir. 1990).


[7] 275 F.3d 1113 (D.C. Cir 2002).


[8] 270 F.3d 416 (6th Cir. 2001).


[9] 830 F.2d 1356, 1363 (5th Cir. 1987).





This article originally appeared in the APSAC Advisor: Do child protection workers deserve immunity when they misrepresent or fabricate evidence?, American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children Advisor, 21(2), 18-19.


Daniel Pollack, MSW, JD is full professor at Yeshiva University School of Social Work in New York City and is a frequent expert witness and contributer to this blog.

Thursday, July 30, 2009

Facebook Gestapo?

Now that Facebook is no longer pimping our children, the public school system is rushing to fill the void. Still smarting from getting whacked by the Supreme Court for strip searching middle school students over asprin, our ever-inventive educational industrial complex is devising innovative new ways to keep impertinent students in line. Not surprisingly, their tactics are focusing on sexting and social networking.


In one recent case, a high school student in Mississippi is suing her local school district after a teacher logged into the student's Facebook account and distributed information that embarrassed her and led to her removal from the cheerleading team.


On Sept. 10, 2007, Pearl High School cheerleading coach Tommie Hill required each member of the cheerleading squad to reveal the passwords to their Facebook accounts, according to the suit.


Many of the students immediately deleted their accounts using their mobile phones, said Jackson's attorney Rita Nahlik Silin. Jackson did not delete her account.


The suit alleges Hill later logged onto Jackson's Facebook account and disseminated content — including private messages with another Pearl High School student — to other teachers, cheerleading coaches, and the principal and superintendent.


According to the suit, the officials "reprimanded, punished, and humiliated" Jackson for an exchange of profanity-laced messages between Jackson and the cheerleading captain in which Jackson asked the student to "stop harassing" several of the cheerleaders.


"I would have been completely fine with the school officials looking at my public [profile on] Facebook, but I think they went too far with getting my password and looking at my personal messages between me and my peers," Jackson, 16, said in a message. "They were conversations between me and my friends so I shouldn't have gotten in trouble for them."


As a result of her private Facebook content, Jackson was not allowed to attend cheerleading practices, participate in football games or partake in school events for which she had already paid participation fees, according to the suit.

These kinds of tactics remind me of Brannum v. Overton County School Bd which was decided last year. In that case, middle school students brought a federal civil rights action against county school board members, the director of schools, and a school principal and assistant principal, alleging that they violated the students' constitutional right to privacy by installing and operating video surveillance equipment in the boys' and girls' locker rooms at the school.


Our public educators' rationalization of strip searching, sexting suppression, and social networking censorship--all detailed ad nausem on this blog--pale in comparison to the Overton education professionals' justification for essentially producing and distributing child pornography.The following is taken directly from the Court of Appeals decision and is well worth your time:


In an effort to improve security at LMS, the Overton County School Board approved the installation of video surveillance equipment throughout the school building. The school board engaged the education technology firm, Edutech, Inc., to install cameras and monitoring equipment. The board ordered the Director of Schools, William Needham, to oversee the project. Needham delegated his authority for the installation of the monitoring equipment to the LMS Principal, Melinda Beatty, who delegated her authority to the Assistant Principal, Robert Jolley. None of the defendants promulgated any guidelines, written or otherwise, determining the number, location, or operation of the surveillance cameras.


After several meetings, Assistant Principal Jolley and an Edutech representative decided to install the cameras throughout the school in areas facing the exterior doors, in hallways leading to exterior doors, and in the boys' and girls' locker rooms. The cameras were installed and were operational by July 2002.


The images captured by the cameras were transmitted to a computer terminal in Jolley's office where they were displayed and were stored on the computer's hard drive. Jolley testified that, in September 2002, he discovered that the locker room cameras were videotaping areas in which students routinely dressed for athletic activities. He said that he immediately notified Principal Beatty of the situation and suggested that the placement of the cameras be changed. But, the cameras were not removed nor were their locations changed for the remainder of the fall semester.


In addition to Jolley receiving the images on his computer, they were also accessible via remote internet connection. Any person with access to the software username, password, and Internet Protocol (IP) address could access the stored images. Neither Jolley nor anyone else had ever changed the system password or username from its default setting. The record indicates that the system was accessed ninety-eight different times between July 12, 2002, and January 10, 2003, including through internet service providers located in Rock Hill, South Carolina; Clarksville, Tennessee; and Gainsboro, Tennessee.


During a girls' basketball game at LMS on January 9, 2003, visiting team members from Allons Elementary School noticed the camera in the girls' locker room and brought this to the attention of their coach, Kathy Carr. Carr questioned Principal Beatty, who assured Carr that the camera was not activated. In fact, the camera was activated and had recorded images of the Allons team members in their undergarments when they changed their clothes. After the game, Carr reported the camera incident to the Allons school principal, who contacted Defendant Needham later that evening. Needham immediately accessed the security system from his home and viewed the recorded images. The following morning, January 10, Needham, Beatty, and two other officials viewed the images in Needham's office by remote access. Needham later stated that in his opinion, the videotapes of the 10 to 14 year old girls contained “nothing more than images of a few bras and panties.” School employees removed the locker room cameras later that day.

The Sixth Circuit allowed the students' lawsuit to proceed against the principal and assistant principal holding that:


Some personal liberties are so fundamental to human dignity as to need no specific explication in our Constitution in order to ensure their protection against government invasion. Surreptitiously videotaping the plaintiffs in various states of undress is plainly among them. Stated differently, and more specifically, a person of ordinary common sense, to say nothing of professional school administrators, would know without need for specific instruction from a federal court, that teenagers have an inherent personal dignity, a sense of decency and self-respect, and a sensitivity about their bodily privacy that are at the core of their personal liberty and that are grossly offended by their being surreptitiously videotaped while changing their clothes in a school locker room. These notions of personal privacy are “clearly established” in that they inhere in all of us, particularly middle school teenagers, and are inherent in the privacy component of the Fourth Amendment's proscription against unreasonable searches. But even if that were not self-evident, the cases we have discussed, supra, would lead a reasonable school administrator to conclude that the students' constitutionally protected privacy right not to be surreptitiously videotaped while changing their clothes is judicially clearly established.

The question of whether teenage students themselves have a right to voluntarily give up their "inherent personal dignity, sense of decency and self-respect, and sensitivity about their bodily privacy" by sexting naked images of themselves into cyberspace has yet to be answered. I think it's safe to assume that right or no right, whether it's on Facebook, MySpace or a cell phone, inquiring school administrators will still want to know.

Friday, July 24, 2009

Decriminalizing Sexting?

Hot on the heels of a spate of high-profile sexting cases in New Jersey and the nation, New Jersey legislators are proposing alternatives to criminal prosecution that will effectively decriminalize teenage production and distribution of child pornography


The sponsors say teenagers often engage in the practice out of a psychological vulnerability, not a criminal mindset, and the law should reflect that.


The bills A-4069 (Pamela Lampitt, D-Camden) and S-2926 (James Beach, D-Camden), were introduced in June, just three months after the Passaic County Sheriff's Department charged a 14-year-old girl with distribution of child pornography for posting nude pictures of herself on MySpace. The girl was ultimately given probation and counseling.


Throughout the country, a wide-ranging debate has been growing about this presumably prevelant practice. Cybersafety Queen Parry Aftab is leading a national effort to make sexting a federal crime while commentator Ashleigh Banfield demands harsh felony prison terms for teens caught sexting. Meanwhile studies show that one out of every five teens has either sent or received nude or semi-nude pictures of themselves or others electronically, according to a survey from the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy.


And speaking of pregnancy, the lead plaintiff in the ACLU's watershed case against Wyoming County DA George Skumanick recently announced on national television that she is pregnant at age 15. The federal judge in that case issued an injunction to protect three teenage girls from the threat of criminal charges for using their cell phones to take and send semi-nude images of themselves while the case is on appeal to the Third Circuit.


Meanwhile the debate about sexting continues. Is it a crime or just youthful indiscretion? Is technology fostering a new generation of child pornographers and sex offenders? Does sexting at 13 lead to pregnancy at 15? When do victims become victimizers? Schools, child welfare groups and politicians are struggling for answers.

Monday, July 6, 2009

Prosecutors Move to Seize House in Child Pornography Case

Prosecutors in the Eastern District of Kentucky don't just want to put Joseph Robert Leitner in prison for years. The federal government wants his house.



Leitner, 62, pleaded guilty last week to charges that he possessed more than 30,000 images of child pornography, and he agreed to give up his home in the Chevy Chase subdivision of Lexington, court records show.



The property forfeiture marked the first time that prosecutors in the Eastern District of Kentucky have seized a home in a child pornography investigation. The forfeiture of houses more often occurs in drug prosecutions.



“He used his house as a protective shield to allow his criminal activity to go undetected,” said Kyle Edelen, a spokesman for the U.S. Attorney’s Office. Prosecutors, he said, based the forfeiture decision on the number of images and the frequency of the downloads.



More on this story in The BLT: The Blog of Legal Times.

XOb (Child Porn a Family Affair)

Child pornography is a family affair - victims seven times more likely to be exploited by parents than strangers Link

Wednesday, July 1, 2009

Sexting might be IN but Strip Searching is definitely OUT

By now the story of Savana Redding is well known, at least to readers of this blog where we have been discussing this case for almost a year.


After escorting 13-year-old Savana Redding from her middle school classroom to his office, an assistant principal accused her of distributing over-the-counter pain relief pills to fellow students. Savana denied the allegations and agreed to a search of her belongings. Finding nothing, the assistant principal then sent Savana to the school nurse for a strip-search. That search also turned up nothing.


Savana’s mother filed suit against the school district and the staff members who authorized and participated in the investigation alleging that the strip search violated Savana’s Fourth Amendment rights. Claiming qualified immunity, the staff members moved for summary judgment. The District Court granted the motion, finding that there was no Fourth Amendment violation, and the en banc Ninth Circuit reversed.


The case was appealed to United States Supreme Court. As we reported in April, Savana's case wasn't looking very good at oral argument where the mostly male justices reacted skeptically to her claim. Alas we, along with most commentators, were wrong. Last week, a near unanimous Court held that the strip search violated Savana’s Fourth Amendment rights.


The court recognized that for school searches, “the public interest is best served by a Fourth Amendment standard of reasonableness that stops short of probable cause.” T.L.O., 469 U. S., at 341. Under the resulting reasonable suspicion standard, a school search “will be permissible … when the measures adopted are reasonably related to the objectives of the search and not excessively intrusive in light of the age and sex of the student and the nature of the infraction.” Id., at 342. The required knowledge component of reasonable suspicion for a school administrator’s evidence search is that it raise a moderate chance of finding evidence of wrongdoing.


The Court found that while there was sufficient suspicion to justify searching Savana’s backpack and outer clothing, the suspected facts pointing to Savana did not indicate that the drugs presented a danger to students or were concealed in her underwear and therefore there was insufficient suspicion to warrant extending the search to her underwear.


The search necessarily exposed Savana's breasts and pelvic area to some degree, and both subjective and reasonable societal expectations of personal privacy support the treatment of such a search as categorically distinct, requiring distinct elements of justification on the part of school authorities for going beyond a search of outer clothing and belongings. Savana’s subjective expectation of privacy is inherent in her account of it as embarrassing, frightening, and humiliating. The reasonableness of her expectation is indicated by the common reaction of other young people similarly searched, whose adolescent vulnerability intensifies the exposure’s patent intrusiveness. Its indignity does not outlaw the search, but it does implicate the rule that “the search [be] ‘reasonably related in scope to the circumstances which justified the interference in the first place.’” T.L.O., supra, at 341.

Perhaps the Court best summed up its position as follows:


Here, the content of the suspicion failed to match the degree of intrusion. Because the assistant principal knew that the pills were common pain relievers, he must have known of their nature and limited threat and had no reason to suspect that large amounts were being passed around or that individual students had great quantities. Nor could he have suspected that Savana was hiding common painkillers in her underwear. When suspected facts must support the categorically extreme intrusiveness of a search down to an adolescent’s body, petitioners’ general belief that students hide contraband in their clothing falls short; a reasonable search that extensive calls for suspicion that it will succeed. Nondangerous school contraband does not conjure up the specter of stashes in intimate places, and there is no evidence of such behavior at the school;

In other words, stop acting like power crazed morons. Sometimes a Motrin is just a Motrin.

Thursday, June 25, 2009

XOb (USSC Decision: Safford v. Redding)

News Alert: in a surprising decision Supreme Court ruled today that school strip-search of student was unconstitutional - more on this soon

Wednesday, June 24, 2009

XOb (USSC Decision: Forest Grove v. T.A.)

USSC Update - IDEA permits reimbursement for private sped services even though child never attended public school Link

Wednesday, June 17, 2009

XOb (Child Rape = 1 Year Imprisonment)

Legislators call for DA's removal after OK pedophile gets 1 year in jail in plea deal for raping a 4 year old girl Link

Wednesday, June 10, 2009

FL Rules for Drugging Foster Children Ignored

More on this important topic from the Miami Herald:


A first detailed look at the youngest foster children on mental-health drugs offers a disturbing glimpse into the state's failure to heed a 2005 law -- and its own policies.


Florida child-welfare administrators are largely ignoring a host of rules put in place to protect children from potentially dangerous -- and sometimes unnecessary -- drugs, according to a detailed state review of the records for more than 100 young foster children who are being given powerful psychiatric medications.


Caseworkers under contract with the state Department of Children & Families are failing to comply with almost every benchmark governing the use of psychotropic medication among foster children, according to the DCF report, obtained Tuesday by The Miami Herald.


Recent revelations come only four years after state lawmakers passed legislation to curb the use of mental-health drugs among children in state care. The law requires, among other things, informed consent from a parent or judge, second-party review of doctors' prescriptions for the youngest children, and annual reports to the state Senate.


Among the most troubling findings, child advocates say, is the state's almost complete failure to seek a second opinion from a psychiatrist under contract with DCF before administering mental-health drugs to the youngest children in state care -- younger than age 6.

Front-line social workers, judges and child welfare administrators, how are you addressing this issue in your states?

XOb (Editorial - Impose Max Penalites on Child Predators)

Editorial "seldom is there a reason not to impose maximum penalties on [child] predators" who scar victims forever Link

Monday, June 8, 2009

Sotomayor on Child Porn - U.S. v. Falso

David FalsoJudge Sotomayor's ruling in this recently decided child pornography case might be an issue in her upcoming confirmation hearing. The defendant, Jon David Falso (shown at right), is also the first target in our firm's effort to seek civil damages for victims of child pornography utilizing Masha's Law, the legislation we helped create in 2006. A civil trial is scheduled for February 2010. The defendent's attorney in our case vows a fight to the Supreme Court possibly giving a newly confirmed Justice Sotomayor another chance to consider the case of confessed and convicted child pornographer Jon David Falso.

Wednesday, June 3, 2009

Tuesday, June 2, 2009

XOb (Put the Bible Back in School)

Case Update: 3rd Cir prevents parent from reading Bible during public school kindergarten favorite book program Link

Friday, May 29, 2009

Tuesday, May 26, 2009

Online Abuse of Girls Starts at Home

Unlike the Harvard Law School Berkman Center cyber white wash from earlier this year, a recent American Academy of Pediatrics scientific study found that a history of childhood abuse and a provocative online identity increase the risk of Internet exploitation for girls.


The the study's objective was to determine the risk factors for Internet-initiated victimization of female adolescents. The researchers found that abused girls were significantly more likely to have experienced online sexual advances and to have met someone offline. Having been abused and choosing a provocative avatar were significantly and independently associated with online sexual advances, which were, in turn, associated with offline encounters.


Unlike the Berkman Center's politically charged report, which was $pon$ored by industry heavyweights like AOL, LindenLab, and MySpace, the AAP professionals "indicated they have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose." This alone should give the Pediatric's study the credibility that Harvard Law School so sorely and blatantly lacks.

Wednesday, May 20, 2009

Corrupting International Adoption

An interesting article about the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act [FCPA] made me think about international adoption agencies and their criminal liability under this federal law. According to the article FCPA, which was enacted in 1977, prohibits bribery of foreign officials. The authors offer this sage advice:



In this climate of increased enforcement, it is imperative that firms doing business in foreign markets, both currently and in the future, become familiar with the FCPA. Both the anti-bribery and books-and-records provisions present significant issues for any company doing business abroad.


In general terms, the FCPA's anti-bribery provisions prohibit companies and individuals from making payments -- or offering or promising to pay money or anything of value -- to any foreign official with the purpose of inducing the recipient to misuse his official position by directing business to or maintaining business with the payor. The anti-bribery provisions of the FCPA apply to . . . any citizen, national or resident of the United States; any entity organized under the laws of any state or U.S. territory; U.S. persons who commit acts of bribery outside of the U.S.; . . . and U.S. and foreign agents of any of these persons or entities.


Hmmmmm. This law sounds like it was MADE for the international adoption oligarchy and, in a serious note of caution for all would-be adoptive parents, those unwittingly caught in its grasp. Let's read on:



To create FCPA liability, the purpose of the payment or promise in question must have been to induce a foreign official to misuse his position. Significantly, however, the FCPA does not require the payment to actually succeed in its purpose. Companies and individuals that violate the FCPA's anti-bribery provisions are subject to impositions of fines and orders for forfeiture of assets derived from the corrupt activity.


In addition to fines and asset forfeitures, an individual convicted for violation of the anti-bribery provisions may be sentenced to prison term of up to five years.


Now that should wake you up! One international adoption agency distributed this memo entitled "Gifts for Russia" in which they clearly state (as if anyone was wondering): "These are gifts, not bribes. Gifts are part of the Russian way of doing business. With the gifts, you are recognizing the status of the people you are dealing with, and showing your appreciation for the assistance that they are giving you."


Appreciation for the assistance that they are giving you. Solid words, but sound legal advice?


Just remember, as World Child, Inc. warned clients in their agency-parent Memo of Understanding, "your American dollars are very much in demand!" "We suggest you bring a variety of bills, including approximately twenty bills each of $1s, $5s, $10s, $20s, and $50s. The rest can be $100 dollar bills. Bills that are over ten years old, are very wrinkled, or are torn or written upon, will not be acceptable." Acceptable to who?


According to the article:



Although it is clear that the FCPA prohibits bribing foreign officials or their representatives, some less obvious activities may constitute violations of the FCPA as well. Any company doing business abroad should be aware of the following examples of possible violations of the FCPA, particularly in view of the recent increase in enforcement:



  • Excessive gift giving or entertaining foreign officials or their representatives.

  • Allowing foreign officials or their staff to use company facilities for any purpose other than to demonstrate, promote or explain the services that the company provides.

  • Employing a consultant or agent that has connections to a foreign government or agency, for the purpose of influencing that government's or agency's decisions.

  • Passing money through an agent or consultant to a foreign official to obtain business or secure an advantage, including consulting or management contracts, or securing certain action on legislation, regulations, or other government activity.


Now I'm sure readers will let me know whether they've heard of anything even remotely similar to these (ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES) in the routine conduct of the business of international adoption. I suggest that if anything you've read here reminds you of anything you've personally experienced, witnessed or directed, call a lawyer, call the FBI, and post a comment.


And I thought corrupting international adoption with money was bad. Now we've got to worry about criminal liability for BRIBES?


Before you get too unsettled, just remember the timeless words of FOA (friend of adoption) Debbie Spivack, writing on the Focus on Adoption listserve in defense of Jeanne Smith's Reaching Out Thru International Adoption agency which placed Russian girl Masha Allen with a pedophile adoptor: "fees are for services to ensure the integrity of the process and keep corruption away." Thank goodness! That'll make a stunning defense to felony criminal charges. With Spivack as your expert witness, even the most vile international adoption agency should be able to beat this rap.


And with all this in mind, the Foreign CORRUPT Practices Act need not worry anyone, least of all internationally adopting parents with crisp one hundred dollar bills stuffed in their suitcases.

Monday, May 18, 2009

Thursday, April 30, 2009

XOb (Child's Death was Anything but a Suicide)

From the Miami Herald:



Calling the death of Gabriel Myers a ''suicide'' lets his killers off the hook.



The 7-year-old was propelled by a vast conspiracy of abuse and neglect and malpractice. The boy only finished the job on April 15, when he locked himself in the bathroom of his Margate foster home and coiled a shower hose around his neck.



 . . . .



The drugs, which come with a long and sobering list of possible side effects in children, have been doled out to troublesome kids to make them more manageable. Eli Lilly was fined $1.4 billion -- that's billion with a B -- in March for nefariously marketing the unauthorized use of Zyprexa for children, despite the known risks. A big chunk of those kids, like Gabriel, were foster kids, whose lives by definition were inflicted with the kind of trauma apt to cause unruly behavior.



 . . . .



Foster kids were essentially guinea pigs in a vast, public-financed drug experiment.



 . . . .



Absent a parent, a judge must give the OK for psychotropics. But the courts and case workers from the Department of Children & Families are all too overwhelmed by caseloads and beset by budget cuts to spend time contesting a doctor's judgment.



''No one was looking out for Gabriel.''



What Gabriel got, instead of real help, were powerful adult drugs laden with dangerous side effects. His cause of death was listed as suicide. It was just another misdiagnosis.


Tuesday, April 28, 2009

When Qualified Immunity Protects Social Workers from Lawsuits

As social work has developed into an increasingly seasoned, mature, and specialized profession, the role of the social worker has also changed. So too is the expectation that social workers will ensure that they are satisfying all legal responsibilities owed to their clients. Although many public sector social work administrators and practitioners are concerned about liability litigation and qualified immunity, no national studies of appellate cases have been published. This study explores when social workers are and are not successful in asserting qualified immunity when sued in civil court under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.


Guest Feature Article by Karen Rothschild, Esq. and Daniel Pollack, MSW, JD

42 U.S.C. § 1983


Generally, courts have recognized the need to protect government employees from unduly burdensome and baseless litigation that may interfere with the exercise of lawful discretion in their official functions. Under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, any person may bring a civil action against an individual who acted under color of any law (with the exception of judges, who are generally immune such suits when concerning official action) who caused a deprivation of any Constitutional right or federal law.[i] Thus, in order to state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege that the defendant was an employee of a state, and their action deprived him/her of a Constitutional right or other right protected by federal law.


Clearly, a social worker can be considered a state actor or “official” for the purposes of 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Liability can attach if the following conditions are met: a violation of a constitutional or other federal legal right has occurred, the law was in existence at the time of the claimed violation, and that the reasonable person (social worker) would have known that the action would cause a violation of that right. Furthermore, the social worker can be held liable under § 1983 if his or her actions caused others to violate the right. [ii]


Qualified Immunity


Qualified immunity is a judicially created mechanism which protects state officials sued in their individual capacity for civil damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Qualified immunity generally shields government officials performing discretionary functions from individual liability for civil damages under § 1983 “insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.”[iii] It is an entitlement which provides an immunity from suit rather than a mere defense to liability. As such, it “is effectively lost if a case is erroneously permitted to go to trial."[iv]


The following cases are examples of when motions to dismiss, filed by social workers, based on qualified immunity, were not granted. Note that in these cases, the issue is only whether the case should be dismissed against the social worker on the basis of qualified immunity. The denial of the motion to dismiss does not mean that the social workers were found liable for the alleged deprivations - only that the case was allowed to proceed and be tried on the facts.


Cases Demonstrating when Qualified Immunity is Denied to Social Workers


Many courts have expressed that when evaluating claims for qualified immunity, they must first determine if the plaintiff has alleged the deprivation of a law or constitutional right, whether the law is clearly established at the time of the alleged violation, and finally, whether a reasonable official could understand that what they are doing violates the law or constitutional right.[v] The subjective intent of the public official is not the question. It is, rather, an objective inquiry as to whether a reasonable person would understand the law and would know that their action was in violation of it.[vi] Further, the Supreme Court has “shifted the qualified immunity analysis from a scavenger hunt for prior cases with precisely the same facts toward the more relevant inquiry of whether the law put officials on fair notice that the described conduct was unconstitutional.”[vii]


When suits have been brought against social workers under §1983 for violations of Constitutional rights, the most common claims are based on unreasonable search and seizure (Fourth Amendment), and due process (Fourteenth Amendment). Typically, social workers seek dismissal on the basis that the claim is barred by the doctrine of qualified immunity, on the basis that the plaintiffs have failed to allege a constitutional depravation, and that even if they adequately asserted a violations of a constitutional right, the right was not clearly established. However, in each case where this is asserted and the qualified immunity claim fails, it is because the facts alleged are always read in a light most favorable to the plaintiff, and the actions of the social worker would have been illegal or unreasonable taking the facts as presented as true.


Unreasonable Searches and Seizures


The Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, incorporated by the Fourteenth Amendment, protects, in relevant part, against unreasonable searches and seizure. Thus, seizure alone is not enough for §1983 liability - the seizure must be unreasonable. Of course, reasonableness is not precisely defined, and will be dependent on the particular facts of a case. However, it is clear that “the Fourth Amendment applies to [social workers], as it does to all other officers and agents of the state whose requests to enter, however benign or well-intentioned, are met by a closed door. There is . . . . no social worker exception to the strictures of the Fourth Amendment.”[viii] “A person has been ‘seized’ within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. . . . if, in view of all of the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable personal would have believed that he was not free to leave.”[ix] Many courts have found that “in the context of removing a child from his home and family, a seizure is reasonable if it is pursuant to a court order, if it is supported by probable cause, or if it is justified by exigent circumstances.”[x]


An example of a qualified immunity-based motion to dismiss that was denied on the basis of a Fourth Amendment violation can be seen where the facts as presented supported allegations that a social worker seized a girl at her high school with no legitimate justification, demanded that she leave her mother’s care, and return to her abusive father (while there was an existing court order assigning temporary custody to the girl’s mother, and forbidding the father from contacting the girl).[xi] No qualified immunity was permitted by the court for a social worker, for the seizure was an “obvious and outrageous” violation of the Fourth Amendment, since an emotionally vulnerable 16-year-old would not have felt free to terminate the encounter. New Mexico has specifically held that the Fourth Amendment subjects state social workers to its requirements.[xii]


An example where qualified immunity was not granted to a social worker based on an unreasonable seizure is where the defendants (a social worker and police officer) allegedly seized the children, dressed in plain clothes, driving an unmarked car, and entered the home in the evening without knocking or identifying themselves, and refused to so when asked. The defendants grabbed the screaming children from the home in a manner in which the children and parents thought they were being kidnapped. [xiii] This case demonstrates that even if a court order directed a child’s removal, or exigent circumstances or probable cause justified the seizure, “the manner in which the defendants seized [the child] may still make his seizure unreasonable.”[xiv]


First Amendment


Freedom of religion is another claim that has been successful in defeating the qualified immunity claim of social workers under §1983. Religious beliefs are tricky in terms of determining child endangerment. Generally speaking, if parental actions, such as punishments or medical decisions based on religious beliefs, are the basis of neglect and a removal, exigent circumstances will be difficult to show, except in the most extreme circumstances. Further, the free exercise clause of the First Amendment, which prohibits governmental regulation of religious beliefs, has been coupled by courts with the interest in familial relations as protected by the substantive due process of the fourteenth amendment.[xv]


Due Process


A warrantless removal, short of having imminent, immediate danger, has been universally held as in violation of due process, leading to unreasonable seizures.[xvi] Additionally, procedural due process claims have defeated qualified immunity assertions based on constitutional inadequacy of post-deprivation hearings.[xvii] Some courts explicitly distinguish between procedural and substantive due process.[xviii] An example is a case that involved a child who, while in foster care, repeatedly suffered abuse and injuries. The court held that “deliberate indifference by state officials to the safety and welfare of a child in foster care constitutes a violation of the child’s substantive due process rights and is actionable under § 1983.[xix] The social worker in this case was denied qualified immunity based on this substantive due process claim. However, with respect to procedural due process, the court found that the procedural due process violation was not actionable against the social worker under §1983, holding that “only when the state refuses to provide a process sufficient to remedy the procedural deprivation does a constitutional violation actionable under section 1983 arise.”[xx] The court concluded that the state’s laws provided a constitutionally adequate post-deprivation remedy, for the child.


Other jurisdictions have made similar distinctions between procedural and substantive due process. Even when there is a finding of adequate state procedures, and thus the constitutional violation is not found for procedural due process claims, thus affording qualified immunity to the social worker in part, many courts have found that no qualified immunity is applicable to the substantive due process claims.[xxi]


Another substantive due process claim that has defeated the assertion of qualified immunity by social workers is the liberty interest in familial relations. Under the Fourteenth Amendment, parents have a protected liberty interest in the case, custody and control of their children.[xxii] However, cases claiming governmental interference with the right of family integrity are balanced with the state’s interest in protecting children and family privacy. “The balance here, however, is no different than that developed in the Fourth Amendment context”[xxiii].


Where defendants (social workers) provided false information to a district attorney who filed a petition seeking to take custody of children, the plaintiffs asserted that their substantive due process right to familial integrity was violated.[xxiv] While the court noted that the Supreme Court has long recognized family relations as one of the liberties protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, they noted that parents have no constitutional right to freedom from child abuse investigations. Nonetheless, the court held that the social workers were not entitled to qualified immunity, as the facts indicated that the defendants knowingly made false accusations of abuse and neglect. Since the facts as presented did not establish an objectively reasonable suspicion of imminent danger, and the protection of family integrity was well established, the social workers (or, at least a reasonable person) would have known that their actions were unconstitutional. Thus, the motion to dismiss based on qualified immunity was denied.


In another case, a social worker and police officer were denied qualified immunity for a coerced entry into a home, interrogation of a child, and a strip search of a child, all conducted without a warrant or exigency. [xxv] The reasoning concerning the warrantless search is much the same as discussed above, but concerning the strip search, the court ruled that a “social worker is not entitled to sacrifice a family’s privacy and dignity to her own personal views on how parents ought to discipline their children” [xxvi] finding that “there is a very substantial interest, which forcing the mother to pull the child’s pants down invaded, in the mother’s dignity and authority in relation to her own children in her own home.” [xxvii] Thus, this court appears to have embraced a right to dignity, as well as privacy and authority, in support of familial rights.


Another example of a denial of qualified immunity under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for individual social workers based on a different aspect of substantive due process, is where the complaint alleged that the family services individuals must have known they were placing the minor in a sequence of foster homes that were detrimental to her mental health. The court held that the Due Process Clause requires that state officials take steps to prevent children in state custody from deteriorating physically or psychologically. [xxviii] This case cites to one of the “negative liberties” under the due process clause -- to be free from governmental oppression. [xxix] The court concluded that while there is no constitutional right to governmental protection against physical abuse by parents or other private persons not acting under the direction of the state, the state, having removed a child from the custody of parent can not place her in a position of danger without violating her rights under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. “[O]nce the state assumes custody of a person, it owes him a rudimentary duty of safekeeping no matter how perilous his circumstances when he was free.” [xxx]


In a case where a child was beaten to death after being placed for adoption, the court granted summary judgment to one social worker based on qualified immunity because the undisputed facts showed that she exercised professional judgment, but qualified immunity was denied for another, as there were issues of material fact as to whether the other social worker violated the child’s substantive due process by failing to investigate several suspicious events during the period when she was directly responsible for the child. [xxxi] The court held that while state officials are generally not responsible for the actions of third parties under the substantive component of the due process clause, the state may have a special relationship with children in state custody. Thus, “if the state or its employees knew of the asserted danger to minor children in state custody, or failed to exercise professional judgment with respect thereto . . . . and if an affirmative link to the injuries the children suffered can be shown, then the state or its employees violated plaintiff’s constitutional rights.” [xxxii]


Conclusion


The potential impact of qualified immunity is vitally important to all social workers. It is clearly established that social workers are “officials” for the purpose of being entitled to utilize qualified immunity when acting in their individual capacities in accordance with their discretionary functions. Provided that social workers keep aware of laws and constitutional rights, follow appropriate procedures, and act with reasonableness and good faith, the doctrine of qualified immunity is a viable tool against suits brought against them in their individual capacity under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Social workers acting within the scope of their employment should be immune from prosecution for taking any actions they reasonably believe are necessary and proper in the performance of their functions. Properly applied, this standard is effectively consistent with the doctrine of qualified immunity.


State and local governments indemnify their employees against court judgments incurred in the scope of their employment. Also covered are the costs of defending the lawsuits. Thus, it is imperative that government administrators are keenly aware that the conduct of public sector social workers may have profound fiscal as well as legal implications.


Endnotes


[i]  The relevant part of the code discussed in this article reads, “Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress, except that in any action brought against a judicial officer for an act or omission taken in such officer’s judicial capacity, injunctive relief shall not be granted unless a declaratory decree was violated or declaratory relief was unavailable.”


[ii]  See Brokaw v. Mercer County et al., 235 F.3d 1000, 1014 (7th Cir. 2000) (a Deputy Sheriff and a social worker were claimed to have falsely removed children based on knowingly false claims of neglect, because they disapproved of the parents’ religious practices and beliefs. Regarding the social worker, even though she was not present during the actual seizure of the plaintiff, when the allegations were read in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, the court found that she directed the removal of the children, and that was enough to affix liability.).


[iii]  Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S. Ct. 2727, 73 L. Ed. 2d 96 (1982)).


[iv]  Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 526 (1985).


[v]  See Mabe at 1106-1107; Villanueva v. San Marcos Consolidated Independent School district et al, US District Court for the Western District of Texan, Austin Division, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 68280 (2006).


[vi]  See Villanueva, page 7. See also Jones at 1229 (“To defeat a claim of qualified immunity, plaintiffs need not point to a prior holding that the specific conduct at issue is unlawful; rather, the unlawfulness of the alleged action must have been apparent.”)


[vii]  Starkey at 18, quoting Pierce v. Gilchrist, 359 F3d 1279, 1298 (10th Cir. 2004, discussing Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 122 S.Ct. 2508, 153 L.Ed.2d 666 (2002).


[viii]  O’Donnell at 802, quoting from Walsh v. Erie County of Job & Family Servs., 240 F. Supp. 2d 731, 746-47 (N.D. Ohio 2003).


[ix]  Brokaw, (determining that a child who was carried from his house, placed in a car and driven away was not free to leave and thus was “seized” within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment) quoting from United States, v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554, 64 L. Ed. 2d 497, 100 S. Ct. 1870 (1980).


[x]  See Brokaw at 1010, also listing other cases discussing Fourth Amendment seizures of children.


[xi]  Jones v. Hunt et al, 410 F.3d 1221, 1223 (10th Cir. 2005). Further, qualified immunity also may not protect individual defendants when acting on false or incomplete information. The test remains whether a reasonable person would recognize that the seizure was unreasonable.


[xii]  Id. at 1125, citing Dubbs v. Head Start, Inc., 336 F.3d 1194, 1205 (10th Cir. 2003) (“There is no ‘social worker” exception to the Fourth Amendment.”).


[xiii]  Brokaw.


[xiv]  Id. at 1011. Additionally, some social workers have been found liable on the basis of the “danger creation” theory. Under this theory, state officials can be liable for acts of third parties, if it can be shown that the state actor played a part in creating the danger, or their actions rendered the plaintiff more vulnerable to the danger. See Briggs v. Oklahoma ex rel. Oklahoma Dept; of Human Servs., 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7092 (W.D. Okla., Jan. 31, 2007). See also Johnson v. Holmes et al., 455 F.3d 1133, 1145 (10th Cir., 2006) (enumerating six elements that must be met to establish liability under a danger creation theory).


[xv]  See Starkey et al v. U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 84768 (2006).


[xvi]  See Mabe at1106-1107.


[xvii]  See Brokaw at 1021.


[xviii]  See e.g., McCall.


[xix]  Id. at 1367.


[xx]  Id. at 1369.


[xxi]  See Brokaw, where the plaintiff claims that he was removed based on knowingly false statements of child neglect, and that the defendants removed him from his home without an investigation, a pre-deprivation hearing, or exigent circumstances, and the court allowed the procedural due process claim to proceed against the defendant’s, including the social worker.
[xxii]  Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753, 71 L.Ed. 2d 599, 102 s. Ct. 1388 (1982). See also Brokaw at 1017 - 1019, and Mabe at 1107.


[xxiii]  Brokaw at 1019 (note that in this case, the claim is separate from a Fourth Amendment unreasonable seizure claim; this claim under substantive due process is for a continuing violations that occurred during a four-month separation from the child’s parents, due to his removal being arguable not justified by a sufficiently compelling governmental interest.).


[xxiv]  See Rinehart. See also O’Donnell at 826.


[xxv]  Calabretta v. Floyd et al., 189 F.3d 808 (9th Cir. 1999).


[xxvi]  Id. at 819.


[xxvii]  Id. at 820.


[xxviii]  K.H. v. Gary T. Morgan et al., 914 F.2d 846 (7th Cir. 1990). The plaintiff was discovered at the age of 17 months to have gonorrhea contracted in vaginal intercourse. When she was removed from the custody of their parents, she was placed with four sets of foster parents in the course of a year, returned to her parents, removed again after 3 months on the basis of neglect. After several more placements, she was found to have been beaten and sexually abused by foster parents.


[xxix]  K.H. at 848, citing to Youngberg v. Romeo, 457 U.S. 307, 315-316, 73 L. Ed. 2d 28, 102 S.Ct. 2452 (1982).


[xxx]  Id. at 849. “The state, having saved a man from a lynch mob, cannot then lynch him, on the ground that he will be no worse off than if he had not been saved.”


[xxxi]  Johnson v. Holmes et al, 455 F.3d 1133 (10th Cir. 2006).


[xxxii]  Id. at 1143 (internal quotations omitted).





This article is an abridged version of the original that appeared in the APSAC Advisor: Rothschild, K., & Pollack, D. (2008), When qualified immunity protects ssocial workers from 42 U.S.C § 1983 lawsuits, American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children Advisor, 20(3/4), 7-10.


Rothschild is an attorney in Washington, D.C.


Pollack is full professor at Yeshiva University School of Social Work in New York City and is a frequent expert witness.